{"id":2239,"date":"2025-12-15T15:10:03","date_gmt":"2025-12-15T15:10:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/leyton.majjane.agency\/ca\/post\/llm-innovation-technologique-ou-progres-technique\/"},"modified":"2026-07-26T17:03:39","modified_gmt":"2026-07-26T15:03:39","slug":"llm-innovation-technologique-ou-progres-technique","status":"publish","type":"article","link":"https:\/\/leyton.com\/ca\/insights\/articles\/llm-innovation-technologique-ou-progres-technique\/","title":{"rendered":"LLM, Innovation technologique ou Progr\u00e8s technique ?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Les LLM comme GPT-4o, Mistral, GROK ou encore LLaMA en 2025\u2026 sont-ils des innovations technologiques ou le fruit de progr\u00e8s techniques ?<\/p>\n<p>Pour y r\u00e9pondre, il faut d\u2019abord comprendre la diff\u00e9rence entre les deux concepts \ud83d\udc47.<\/p>\n<p>J\u2019ai longtemps confondu les deux. Et je vois encore beaucoup d\u2019entreprises foncer t\u00eate baiss\u00e9e dans l\u2019innovation\u2026<br \/>Alors qu\u2019un bon vieux progr\u00e8s technique aurait peut-\u00eatre suffi \ud83d\udc40 \u00e0 faire la diff\u00e9rence.<\/p>\n<p>Alors remettons un peu d\u2019ordre \ud83d\udc47<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">L\u2019innovation technologique<\/h2>\n<p>L\u2019innovation technologique, selon le Manuel de Frascati, est la mise en \u0153uvre d\u2019un produit (bien ou service) ou d\u2019un proc\u00e9d\u00e9 nouveau ou significativement am\u00e9lior\u00e9, reposant sur des r\u00e9sultats de <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/leyton.com\/ca\/insights\/articles\/comment-differencier-les-types-de-rd\/\">R&amp;D<\/a><\/strong> exp\u00e9rimental.<\/p>\n<p>En gros elle vise \u00e0&nbsp;cr\u00e9er une solution disruptive, un nouvel usage ou red\u00e9finir un march\u00e9 en cr\u00e9ant <strong>un nouveau cadre de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence pour les attentes et la valeur per\u00e7ue<\/strong>. Elle ne se contente pas d&#8217;am\u00e9liorer l\u2019existant, elle <strong>change les r\u00e8gles du jeu<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>\ud83d\udca1 Exemples r\u00e9cents :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Le paiement par reconnaissance faciale.<\/li>\n<li>Les <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/leyton.com\/ca\/insights\/articles\/admissibilite-et-impact-de-l-ia-generative-dans-le-cadre-de-la-rsde\/\">IA g\u00e9n\u00e9ratives<\/a><\/strong> comme ChatGPT ou Midjourney, qui red\u00e9finissent l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 la cr\u00e9ation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>L\u2019innovation technologique, c\u2019est excitant.<\/p>\n<p>Mais c\u2019est aussi un pari : les usages peuvent ne pas suivre, les co\u00fbts peuvent exploser, et parfois\u2026 personne ne comprend ce que vous faites \ud83d\ude05<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Les progr\u00e8s techniques<\/h2>\n<p>Ils visent \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer ce qui existe d\u00e9j\u00e0, de mani\u00e8re fiable et continue. <\/p>\n<p>\u26a1\ufe0f Exemples actuels :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>L\u2019optimisation des GPU (Nvidia H100, etc.) pour l\u2019entra\u00eenement de l\u2019IA<\/li>\n<li>Les batteries au sodium plus durables<\/li>\n<li>L\u2019\u00e9volution du moteur de recherche Google vers une architecture plus sobre en ressources<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\ud83c\udfaf Faire des progr\u00e8s techniques, c\u2019est ce qui <strong>am\u00e9liore la marge, la robustesse, la scalabilit\u00e9.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>C\u2019est moins visible, mais tout aussi vital.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Alors\u2026 faut-il innover ou faire des progr\u00e8s techniques ?<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>March\u00e9 satur\u00e9 ? \u2192 innover pour se d\u00e9marquer.<\/li>\n<li>Produit mature ? \u2192 faire des progr\u00e8s techniques pour rester comp\u00e9titif.<\/li>\n<li>Secteur en mutation ? \u2192 combiner les deux.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mon avis sur la question des LLM ?<\/h2>\n<p>D\u2019apr\u00e8s plusieurs analyses scientifiques r\u00e9centes (IEEE Spectrum, <em>Nature Machine Intelligence<\/em>, et le livre <em>Prediction Machines<\/em> d\u2019Agrawal et al.), l\u2019explosion des LLM comme GPT-4o ou Claude 3 est <strong>le r\u00e9sultat combin\u00e9 de deux dynamiques<\/strong> :<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-primary-color\"><strong>Des innovations technologiques<\/strong> :<\/mark><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Les architectures Transformer (Vaswani et al., 2017) ont radicalement chang\u00e9 le traitement du langage.<\/li>\n<li>L\u2019usage in\u00e9dit de l\u2019apprentissage auto-supervis\u00e9 a ouvert un nouveau paradigme.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-primary-color\"><strong>Des innovations technologiques<\/strong> :<\/mark><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Optimisation du calcul distribu\u00e9 (TPU, GPU)<\/li>\n<li>Efficacit\u00e9 des datasets et scaling laws (Kaplan et al., 2020)<\/li>\n<li>Fine-tuning, RLHF, quantization, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusion<\/h2>\n<p>Les LLM sont incontestablement <strong>n\u00e9s d\u2019innovation technologiques<\/strong>, mais leur efficacit\u00e9 actuelle est le fruit <strong>d\u2019ann\u00e9es de progr\u00e8s techniques.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Comme souvent en tech : <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>L\u2019innovation cr\u00e9e l\u2019impulsion<\/li>\n<li>Les progr\u00e8s techniques construisent la performance<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p> <strong>Ce n\u2019est pas fini !<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Que vous innoviez ou que vous fassiez des progr\u00e8s techniques, si vous documentez bien vos essais, vos hypoth\u00e8ses et les barri\u00e8res techniques rencontr\u00e9es, vous pourriez <strong>r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer jusqu\u2019\u00e0 64 %<\/strong> de vos co\u00fbts de d\u00e9veloppement en <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/leyton.com\/ca\/rsde-recherche-scientifique-developpement-experimental\/\">cr\u00e9dits d\u2019imp\u00f4t RS&amp;DE<\/a><\/strong> (au Qu\u00e9bec, m\u00eame plus gr\u00e2ce aux cr\u00e9dits provinciaux).<\/p>\n<p>Vous avez un doute sur l\u2019admissibilit\u00e9 de vos projets au cr\u00e9dit d\u2019imp\u00f4t RS&amp;DE ? Parlez-en avec un sp\u00e9cialiste de Leyton.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/leyton.com\/ca\/contactez-nous\/\">Contactez un expert<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h3>Sources<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/ieee-spectrum-2025-10\">IEEE Spectrum. (1964\u2013 ). IEEE. Magazine covering engineering, applied science, and emerging technologies.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Les LLM comme GPT-4o, Mistral, GROK ou encore LLaMA en 2025\u2026 sont-ils des innovations technologiques ou le fruit de progr\u00e8s techniques ? Pour y r\u00e9pondre, il faut d\u2019abord comprendre la diff\u00e9rence entre les deux concepts \ud83d\udc47. J\u2019ai longtemps confondu les deux. Et je vois encore beaucoup d\u2019entreprises foncer t\u00eate baiss\u00e9e dans l\u2019innovation\u2026Alors qu\u2019un bon vieux [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2933,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[122],"tags":[458372,117,458141],"expertise":[1738],"class_list":["post-2239","article","type-article","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sred-fr","tag-llm-fr-fr","tag-rsde","tag-rsde-3-fr","expertise-credits-dimpot-rsde"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.1 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>LLM, Innovation technologique ou Progr\u00e8s technique ? - Leyton Canada<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Explorer si les LLM constituent des innovations ou des progr\u00e8s techniques, et comment les projets IA peuvent \u00eatre admissibles \u00e0 la RS&amp;DE.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/leyton.com\/ca\/insights\/articles\/llm-innovation-technologique-ou-progres-technique\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"LLM, Innovation technologique ou Progr\u00e8s technique ?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Explorer si les LLM constituent des innovations ou des progr\u00e8s techniques, et comment les projets IA peuvent \u00eatre admissibles \u00e0 la RS&amp;DE.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/leyton.com\/ca\/insights\/articles\/llm-innovation-technologique-ou-progres-technique\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Leyton Canada\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-07-26T15:03:39+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/leyton.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/3\/files\/2025\/12\/Canada-Website-inside-pictures-60-1.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"655\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/leyton.com\\\/ca\\\/insights\\\/articles\\\/llm-innovation-technologique-ou-progres-technique\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/leyton.com\\\/ca\\\/insights\\\/articles\\\/llm-innovation-technologique-ou-progres-technique\\\/\",\"name\":\"LLM, Innovation technologique ou Progr\u00e8s technique ? 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